Associations between nonnutritive sucking habits, developing malocclusion, and various feeding practices in 3-6-year-old Indian urban children: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Nutritive sucking and nonnutritive sucking (NNS) may affect the craniofacial development, differently. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated associations between NNS habits (NNSHs), developing malocclusion, and various feeding practices in 3-6-year-old children. METHODOLOGY: A sample of 350 children 3-6-year-old from various preschools were selected for this case-control study (94 with NNSH and 256 without NNSH). NNSH (outcome) and feeding practices and developing malocclusions (exposures) were assessed using a structured study tool. RESULTS: The prevalence of NNSH in 3-6-year-old children was 26.8%. The odds (95% [confidence interval (CI)]) of boys compared to girls having NNSH were 0.66 (0.4121-1.706) (P = 0.0290). The overall prevalence of developing malocclusion in 3-6-year-old children was 34.01% out of which open bite was most commonly reported with 12.57% followed by spacing 8.5%, increased overjet 6.8%, crowding 2.2%, posterior crossbite and rotation 1.4%, and overbite 1.14%. Breastfeeding was found to be the most commonly used mode of feeding reported by 53.42% of mothers. It was found that the odds (95% [CI]) of subjects having NNSH were 0.66 (0.4694-0.9460) (P < 0.0001) who were not breastfed as compared to those who were breastfed. Among developing malocclusions, increased overjet with P = 0.0019, open bite with P = 0.0416, and spacing with P = 0.0243 were found to be associated with feeding practices. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of NNSH and developing malocclusions (increased overjet, open bite, and spacing) was 26.8% and 34.01%, respectively. Breastfeeding played a protective role against developing NNSH.

PREVALENCE OF DENTITION, DENTAL ARCHES AND DENTAL ANOMALIES.

Malocclusion can have a negative impact on children's quality of life. Patients with severe malocclusions tend to smile less and look for ways to improve their smile. The mentioned study was conducted in 400 patients aged 3 to 18 years, who applied to the dental clinic for orthodontic treatment regardless of age and gender. The aim of the study was the prevalence of occlusion, dental arches and dental anomalies, most often combined occlusion anomalies, functional disorders, carious and filled teeth and periodontal diseases in the examined patients. According to the results of the research, it was established that the majority of the examined patients were female. Among occlusion anomalies, occlusion class II subclass I was detected with the highest frequency. Almost 11% of the examined had a functional disturbances oral and maxillofacial system. 6% of the examined have an anomaly of the shape of the crown of the teeth. 6.25% of cases have microdontia and 5.5% have macrodontia. 1.17% showed pathological wear and 24.55 enamel hypoplasia. 1% supernumerary tooth, of which 0.75% supernumerary tooth between central incisors, 0.25% supernumerary tooth in other area. Persistent tooth in 3.25% of cases. 5% of retentive teeth are one or several teeth at the same time. 26.75% have one or more dystopian postures. Diastema was detected in 19.75%. Most of the examined patients were female, which is explained by the perception of patients and their parents regarding facial aesthetics in relation to gender. Most of the patients turn to orthodontics in cases of occlusal anomalies that are more aesthetically pronounced and easily perceived by others. In the studied society, oral health and oral care skills are given less importance, as evidenced by high rates of periodontal diseases, caries, and filled teeth. In the mentioned population, it is very important to raise the level of knowledge of the importance of oral health, which is possible by conducting educational events in kindergartens, schools, public gathering places, dental clinics.

Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children.

Malocclusion, identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of three major oral diseases, profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions, facial esthetics, and long-term development of ~260 million children in China. Beyond its physical manifestations, malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children. Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition, by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth. Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development, ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase. From an economic and societal standpoint, the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated, underlining its profound practical and social importance. This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children, emphasizing critical need for early treatment. It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics, proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment, serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.

Prevalence of malocclusion and oral health-related factors among pre-school children in Northern Albania.

The aim of the present study was to investigate prevalence and association between malocclusion and caries among pre-school children aged 4-6 years frequenting public kindergartens in Shkodër, the largest city in North Albania. The sample for this descriptive and cross-sectional study included 389 pre-school children aged 4-6 years frequenting 20 public kindergartens in Shkodër, the largest city in North Albania. The participants were divided into two groups according to their caries experience evaluated, as determined by decayed-missing-filled index dmf (World Health Organization criteria) score. Those with dmf score of zero were considered to be free of caries. The prevalence of children with at least one malocclusion trait was 89%. The prevalence of caries was 66% (mean dmf score: 3.63). Increased overbite (43%), followed by increased overjet, were the most prevalent malocclusion traits observed in children with a dmf of zero. Among children with caries, the most prevalent trait was increased overjet (42%) and increased overbite. Almost half of the entire study population had a straight terminal plane and class I canine relationship. There was a similar prevalence of bilateral crossbite. Significant changes (p = 0.008) were observed between the groups with regards to the absence of spacing in the maxillary anterior region. Regression analysis further revealed that children with an absence of maxillary spacing were 2.564-fold more likely to have caries; those with a deepbite were 0.814-fold more likely to have caries. More than half of the children had caries. Increased overjet, overbite, crossbite and maxillary crowding were malocclusion traits observed in the population included in this study. A positive association was identified between maxillary crowding, deepbite and caries. The association between malocclusion and caries, highlights the necessity for an increased awareness of these two conditions that are commonly found among children of pre-school age.

Malocclusions, Sleep Bruxism, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk in Pediatric ADHD Patients: A Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: Literature presents conflicting results regarding malocclusions, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and sleep bruxism in children with ADHD. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of these parameters. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 40 consecutive ADHD children referred to the Paediatric Dentistry Unit of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome. All subjects underwent an orthodontic examination and were screened for OSA and sleep bruxism. Data were compared to a sex- and aged-matched control group. RESULTS: Prevalence of high risk of OSA in children with ADHD was 62.5% compared to 10% in the control group (p < .00001). No differences were found in any of the occlusal variables examined between children with ADHD and controls (p > .05). An increased prevalence of sleep bruxism was observed in ADHD children (40%) compared to controls (7.5%) (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: A higher prevalence of OSA risk and probable sleep bruxism were observed in ADHD patients compared with controls. No significant differences were observed in malocclusions d.

[Subjective oral health, malocclusions and oral health related quality of life in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. / De subjectieve mondgezondheid, malocclusies en orale kwaliteit van leven van patiënten met Duchenne-spierdystrofie.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a hereditary progressive neuromuscular disorder. Deterioration and weakening of the muscles is also present in orofacial muscles. Both weakness of the muscles and the fact that patients become more dependent of care, can make oral care more difficult. At this moment, it is unknown how patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy experience their oral health and which problems regarding oral health and oral care may impact their oral health related quality of life. In this cross-sectional study, we found that, despite a high percentage of gingivitis, a high percentage of patients who experience halitosis and a high percentage of malocclusions, patients score their oral health related quality of life as good.

Prevalence of KIG-grades 3-5 in an orthodontic practice in North Rhine Westphalia compared with results of the DMS•6 and with KZBV data.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The prevalence of tooth and jaw malocclusions in 8- to 9-year-olds was surveyed in a nationwide setting as part of the orthodontic module of the Sixth German Study on Oral Health (DMS•6), using the orthodontic indication groups (KIG) as index. Aim of this study was the detection of the prevalence of malocclusions requiring treatment according to the KIG index in statutorily insured patients of an orthodontic practice in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany, and to compare results with corresponding DMS•6 and KZBV data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2017-2021, n = 953 statutorily insured patients called for an initial consultation and subsequent determination of the KIG-classification and -grades. The malocclusions were classified and graded in the highest possible KIG-grade according to valid SHI guidelines. Multiple classifications were not recorded. KIG-grade > 3 according to the valid guidelines was detected in n = 815 patients. Since the DMS•6 does not contain information on KIG classifications "U" and "S", their inclusion was waived despite evaluation, leaving data from n = 683 patients for analysis and comparison. RESULTS: During the study period, n = 235 patients (34.4%) had KIG-classification "D". More than 10% were classified as "K" (120 patients, 17.6%), "P" (98 patients, 14.2%), "M" (89 patients, 13.0%), and "E" (81 patients, 11.9%). Of 16 possible classifications with KIG-grade > 3, "D4" was the most common with 26.6% (182 patients). The results confirm the findings from the multicentric DMS•6 from2021 and corresponding KZBV data from 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Sagittal deviations described by classifications "D" and "M" represent with 47.4% almost half of the malocclusions with treatment need. KIG-grade D4 is the most frequent classification. There were no regional deviations of the prevalence of KIG-grades 3-5 in the district of Viersen / North Rhine compared with the national average, not even when scrutinizing a five-year-period.

Comparison of the prevalence of malocclusion and oral habits between children with cerebral palsy and healthy children.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) represents for children an important problem of health and affects roughly 2 per 1000 live births and is the most common pediatric developmental motor disability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, type and severity of malocclusion and oral habits in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and to compare them with a control group of healthy children in Sana'a city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, case-control study was made of two groups, a cerebral palsy and a control group. The study population consisted of 60 children who had CP, and a control group of 60 matched children with no physical or mental disabilities. Data were collected using a questionnaire and assessment for malocclusion was done clinically. The patients were compared with equal number of age-matched controls. The inclusion criteria were individuals aged over 6 years; absence of previous orthodontic treatment; no missing permanent first molars. RESULTS: Results showed an increased prevalence of malocclusion in children with cerebral palsy. Molar class II relationship was statistically higher in cerebral palsy children than healthy control (P = 0.001). Cerebral palsied children are likely to have a significantly increased protrusion of the anterior teeth (P < 0.001) when compared with normal children. Mouth breathing and Tongue thrust. Habits were significantly higher in the CP group (p = 0.0001) when compared with normal children. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malocclusion was higher in children with Cerebral palsy than in normal children, and the present study concludes that in children with Cerebral Palsy, more oral Habits problems due to oral motor dysfunctions are common and problems of mouth breathing and Tongue thrust produce different malocclusion and poor oral hygiene complications in these children.

Risk of complications in panfacial bone fracture according to surgeons: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Panfacial bone fractures pose intricate challenges because of severe fragmentation and the loss of landmarks. Surgeons use a variety of reduction techniques, including bottom-up and top-down approaches. This single proportional meta-analysis explores sequencing differences and complications between oral and maxillofacial surgery surgeons (OMSs) and plastic and reconstructive surgeons (PRSs) in treating panfacial bone fractures. METHODS: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched systematically, and we compiled 14 studies published between 2007 and 2023 involving 1238 patients. A systematic review of the included studies was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, and data on the reduction techniques; total complication rates; and rates of malocclusion, enophthalmos, infection, asymmetry, and esthetic complications were collected. RESULTS: The bottom-up technique was the most prevalent for both types of surgeons (57.1%, 8 out of 14). Malocclusion rates (I2 = 0% for OMSs and 41% for PRSs) were similar between the groups (p = 0.72), but PRSs tended to have a lower enophthalmos rate (I2 = 0% for OMSs and 32% for PRSs) than OMSs (p < 0.01). Infection rates remained consistent across all studies. However, high heterogeneity was observed for the total complication rate (I2 = 94% for OMSs and 85% for PRSs) and asymmetry and esthetic complications (I2 = 88% for OMSs and 92% for PRSs), making direct comparison between the two groups inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the differences in surgical techniques and levels of interest have a greater impact on the outcomes of the panfacial bone fracture than the surgeon's specialty. However, more in-depth studies are needed to accurately pinpoint panfacial bone fracture reduction trends and differences in postoperative complications in the two expert groups.

Multivariate analysis of alveolar bone dehiscence and fenestration in anterior teeth after orthodontic treatment: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of fenestration and dehiscence between pre- and post-orthodontic treatment and to explore the factors related to fenestration and dehiscence in the anterior teeth after treatment. METHODS: This study included 1000 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 500 patients before (T1) and after (T2) orthodontic treatment. These images were imported into Dolphin 11.9 software to detect alveolar fenestration and dehiscence in the anterior teeth area. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were performed to compare the prevalence of alveolar bone defects between time points T1 and T2. A total of 499 patients were selected for logistic regression analysis to examine the correlation among age, sex, crowding, sagittal facial type, extraction, miniscrew use and fenestration or dehiscence post-treatment. RESULTS: Except for the maxillary lingual fenestration and labial fenestration of mandibular canines, a significant change in the prevalence of fenestration and dehiscence was noted between time points T1 and T2 (P < .025). Multinomial logistic regression showed that age, miniscrew use and extraction highly influenced the prevalence of anterior lingual dehiscence (P < .05). Dehiscence of the mandibular labial side (skeletal Class III vs. I, OR = 2.368, P = .000) and fenestration of the mandibular lingual side (skeletal Class II vs. I, OR = 2.344, P = .044) were strongly correlated with the sagittal facial type. Dehiscence of the maxillary labial side (moderate vs. mild, OR = 1.468, P = .017) was significantly associated with crowding. CONCLUSIONS: Older age, maxillary moderate crowding, skeletal Class III, extraction and miniscrew potentially significantly affect the prevalence of anterior teeth dehiscence. Adult females, skeletal Class III patients on the mandibular labial side and skeletal Class II patients on the mandibular lingual side should be monitored for anterior teeth fenestration.

Ankyloglossia and malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ankyloglossia is a congenital alteration that affects the tongue's mobility, influencing craniofacial development; however, its association with malocclusion is still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between ankyloglossia and malocclusion in patients. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies that investigated the association between malocclusion and the presence of ankyloglossia in any age group, used any assessment tool to diagnose ankyloglossia, and considered all types of malocclusion. The authors conducted searches in 8 electronic databases through July 1, 2022. They used Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools to assess the methodological quality and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: Eleven studies (5 cross-sectional, 6 case-control) included 2,904 patients and over 13 occlusal alterations. The certainty of the evidence ranged from low through very low. Patients with Angle Class III malocclusion had similar or more inserted lingual frenula than patients with Class I malocclusion (standard mean difference, 0.37; 95% CI, -0.50 to 1.25) and Class II malocclusion (standard mean difference, 0.55; 95% CI, -0.52 to 1.63). Patients with Class III malocclusion had clinically significant increased mouth opening reduction compared with patients with Class I malocclusion (mean difference, 6.67; 95% CI, 4.01 to 9.33) and Class II malocclusion (mean difference, 5.04; 95% CI, 2.35 to 7.72) patients. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: There is uncertain evidence that ankyloglossia may be associated with the development of occlusal alterations. Ankyloglossia did not influence the Angle classification. Clinicians should closely follow children with ankyloglossia to evaluate whether this condition interferes with the occlusion. Future research should prospectively follow up on the long-term association between ankyloglossia and malocclusion. The protocol was registered a priori in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021248034). No amendments were deemed necessary after the registration of the protocol. Some subgroup analyses planned a priori were not possible, such as the severity of ankyloglossia, sex, and age, due to the lack of studies reporting data for these subgroups.

Predictors associated with malocclusion in children with and without sleep disorders: a cross-sectional study.

The aim of the present study was to investigate predictors of malocclusion in Brazilian schoolchildren eight to ten years of age based on a causal directed acyclic graph model. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 739 schoolchildren eight to ten years of age. Parents/guardians provided information on sleep disorders of the child (Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children) and family characteristics (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale). The diagnosis of malocclusion was performed by four trained examiners using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Control variables were selected using a directed acyclic graph. Descriptive analysis was performed, followed by robust logistic regression analysis for complex samples (α = 5%). The following variables were associated with malocclusion in the final model: sleep disorders (OR = 2.61; 95%CI: 2.43-2.86), mouth breathing (OR = 1.04; 95%CI: 1.02-1.99), non-nutritive sucking habits (OR = 2.45; 95%CI: 2.37-4.85), and obesity (OR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.02-2.33). Sociodemographic characteristics, family functioning, and premature tooth loss did not remain associated with malocclusion. Sleep disorders, mouth breathing, sucking habits, and obesity are predictors of malocclusion in schoolchildren eight to ten years of age.

Gender Dimorphism of Skeletal Measurements and Dental Angle Classification in Orthodontic Patients.

AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate gender dimorphism of the skeletal and dental angles and measurements among different types of malocclusions in the Population of Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cephalometric data were retrieved from the archived records of 272 dental patients, comprising 134 males and 138 females. Skeletal and dental malocclusions in both the sub-groups were digitally studied. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The measurement reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to evaluate the difference in skeletal and dental parameters between genders. The Chi-square test was done to determine the difference in malocclusion patterns amongst the gender. RESULTS: Statistical significance was noted in dental malocclusion (p-value = 0.003) and facial height, with females having a steeper mandible plan than males. The Sella-nasion-Nasion-Vertical line angles were reported high in females with no statistical significance. Linear cephalometric values were measured higher in males than females, whereas angular values and facial height parameters were lower in females than male. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this study, it could be concluded that there is a prominent difference measured in facial profiles of males and females with higher facial height in males. Clinical significance and limitations: These clinical outcomes will help orthodontists to analyze the accurate base angles and points to draft proper treatment plans considering the variation in the profile of males and females.

Impact of oral onditions on Quality of Life in Peruvian Preschoolers in Rural and Urban Areas / Impacto de las alteraciones bucales en la calidad de vida de preescolares peruanos de zonas rurales y urbanas

Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life related to the oral health of preschool children in a rural and urban area of Cusco. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, from a population of 179 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years, from two public early childhood education institutions, and their respective parents or caregivers in the department of Cusco, Peru. We worked with the entire population that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, seventy-four preschool children were selected for each area, deciding to have the same amount of children per group based on the smallest group. A clinical odonto-stomatological examination was carried out for oral conditions (dental caries, malocclusion, and dental trauma) according to the WHO's criteria and a survey that was used for sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, a validated Peruvian version of the ECOHIS questionnaire was used to obtain data on the impact on quality of life. All the variables of the total and individual scores of the ECOHIS domains were analyzed individually and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the association between variables. The oral conditions prevalence in preschool children in rural areas referring to dental caries was 100% (dmft index > 6), dental trauma 10.8%, and malocclusions 60.8%; for the urban area dental caries was 93.2% (dmft index > 6), dental trauma 9.5% and malocclusions 36.5%. Of the three oral conditions only the experience of dental caries was related to the OHRQOL of preschoolers in urban and rural areas.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el impacto de las alteraciones bucales en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal de niños preescolares de una zona rural y urbana de Cusco. El estudio fue descriptivo y transversal, de una población de 179 preescolares de 3 a 5 años de edad, de dos instituciones públicas de educación inicial, y sus respectivos padres o cuidadores en el departamento de Cusco, Perú. Se trabajó con toda la población que cumplió con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron setenta y cuatro niños preescolares por cada área, decidiendo tener la misma cantidad de niños por grupo en base al grupo más pequeño. Se realizó un examen clínico odonto-estomatológico para detectar alteraciones bucales (caries dental, maloclusión y trauma dental) según los criterios de la OMS y una encuesta que se utilizó para las características sociodemográficas. Además, se utilizó una versión peruana validada del cuestionario ECOHIS para obtener datos sobre el impacto en la calidad de vida. Todas las variables de los puntajes totales e individuales de los dominios ECOHIS fueron analizadas individualmente y se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para determinar la asociación entre variables. La prevalencia de alteraciones bucales en niños preescolares de zonas rurales referida a caries dental fue del 100% (índice dmft > 6), traumatismo dental 10,8% y maloclusiones 60,8%; para la zona urbana la caries dental fue del 93,2% (índice dmft > 6), el traumatismo dental 9,5% y las maloclusiones 36,5%. De las tres alteraciones bucales, sólo la experiencia de caries dental se relacionó con la OHRQOL de los preescolares de las zonas urbana y rural.

Influence of bad oral habits upon the development of posterior crossbite in a preschool population.

BACKGROUND: A study is made of posterior crossbite in deciduous dentition and its possible association to extrinsic factors (bad oral habits). METHODS: A total of 1168 Spanish children between 3 and 6 years of age were included in the study. Exploration of the oral cavity was performed to assess the presence of crossbite (uni- or bilateral and/or functional), and a questionnaire was administered to the parents or caregivers to determine the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. RESULTS: In occlusion, 19.7% of the cases (n = 230) presented uni- or bilateral posterior crossbite. On adopting centric relation confronting the midlines, crossbite persisted in 165 children, indicating that 65 cases were due to premature contacts (functional crossbite). The identified favoring factors were pacifier use, thumb sucking, oral breathing and tongue thrusting or immature swallowing. DISCUSSION: Most studies in the literature report a relationship between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. The proportion of posterior crossbites identified in our study (16.6%) is consistent with the data published by authors such as Kobayashi, Limeira or Paolantonio, among others, but differs from the results of Zhifei Zhou, Peres or Germa. In coincidence with most studies, we recorded a statistically significant association between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. CONCLUSIONS: Bad oral habits favor the appearance of posterior crossbite, and the duration of the habit, its intensity (in the case of thumb sucking) and type (in the case of pacifier use) act as influencing factors. Functional study characterized the types of posterior crossbites and identified those attributable to premature contacts. This aspect has not been addressed by previous studies, and we consider the findings to be very interesting for analyzing and identifying the features of true crossbites.

Incompetent lip seal and nail biting as risk factors for malocclusion in Japanese preschool children aged 3-6 years.

BACKGROUND: Malocclusion is a multifactorial condition associated with genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of occlusal traits, oral habits, and nose and throat conditions by age and to assess the association between malocclusion and its environmental factors in Japanese preschool children. METHODS: A total of 503 Japanese children (258 boys and 245 girls aged 3-6 years) were recruited. Occlusal traits were assessed visually to record sagittal, vertical, and transverse malocclusion, and space discrepancies. Lip seal was recorded by an examiner, and oral habits (finger sucking, lip sucking or lip biting, nail biting, chin resting on a hand) and nose and throat conditions (tendency for nasal obstruction, allergic rhinitis, palatine tonsil hypertrophy) were assessed by a questionnaire completed by the parents. The prevalence of each item was calculated, and binary logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to malocclusion. RESULTS: 62.0% of preschool children in the present study exhibited malocclusion, and 27.8% exhibited incompetent lip seal. Nail biting was the most frequent oral habit with a prevalence of 18.9%. Nasal obstruction was recorded in 30.4% of children. The results of binary logistic regression showed that incompetent lip seal was significantly related to malocclusion, and that nail biting was significantly negatively related. CONCLUSIONS: Incompetent lip seal is significantly associated with malocclusion, but nail biting may not necessarily be a deleterious habit for the occlusion in Japanese preschool children.

Prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, malocclusion, and tooth wear in indigenous populations in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this review was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, malocclusion, and tooth wear in indigenous in Brazil. A systematic review of observational studies was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines (CRD42020218704). The search strategy involved the electronic databases of Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the CAPES Theses and Dissertations for gray literature. The eligibility criteria consisted of publications that assessed the prevalence of oral conditions in indigenous populations in Brazil. Studies with indigenous people living in urban area were excluded. The risk of bias was evaluated by using JBI Critical Appraisal for prevalence studies. Thirty studies were included in the review, and the majority showed a low risk of bias. A meta-analysis of 20 studies was conducted using the random-effects model and a 95% confidence interval. Several ethnicities were studied in isolation or in groups (n = 7,627 for dental caries; n = 2,774 for periodontal disease; n = 1,067 for malocclusion; n = 150 for tooth wear). The prevalence of caries ranged from 50% among indigenous people aged 18-36 months to 100% among those aged 65-74 years. The prevalence of periodontal disease ranged from 58% to 83%. The prevalence of malocclusion was 43%. Tooth wear was assessed in only one ethnic group and showed a prevalence of 100% in indigenous people aged >18 years. The certainty of evidence assessed by the GRADE system ranged from very low to moderate. This systematic review showed significant differences in the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease and malocclusion between indigenous population groups and territories in which indigenous people live.

Effect of premature loss of primary teeth on prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of premature loss of primary teeth in children of mixed dentition age on the prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search was conducted in Medline through PubMed, Cochrane databases, Google Scholar, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) through March 2023. All observational studies that evaluated the association between premature loss of primary teeth and malocclusion in permanent dentition were included for analysis. Quality of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.3. The association between different categories of malocclusion and premature loss of primary teeth was assessed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was explored through sensitivity analysis. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE analysis. RESULTS: This meta-analysis showed that the premature loss of primary teeth significantly increases the prevalence of overall malocclusion in permanent dentition (OR=2.54, P=0.003; I2: 83%). Subgroup analysis showed an insignificant relationship of premature loss of primary teeth with Class I malocclusion (OR=1.14, P=0.45; I2: 63%) and Class II malocclusion (OR=1.63, P=0.18; I2: 87%) but statistically significant relationship with Class III malocclusion (OR=3.73, P=0.006; I2: 71%). Sensitivity analysis reflected a significant reduction in I2 values. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis provides substantial evidence supporting the relationship between premature loss of primary teeth and malocclusion in permanent dentition. Notably, Class III malocclusions exhibited a significant association with premature loss of primary teeth.

Congenital cranio-facial abnormalities in paediatric population: a systematic review on temporomandibular disorders.

The aim of this systematic review was to explore the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients affected by congenital craniofacial disorders (CCD). Out of 292 papers, 9 studies were included with 561 participants. The included studies analyzed at least 15 patients treated for temporomandibular disorders, evaluating at least one clinical outcomes such as orofacial pain and/or muscular diseases, malocclusion, skeletal abnormality and/or deformities concerning temporomandibular joint, upper/lower jaw bone malformations. These findings provide an evidence of an association between temporomandibular disorders and congenital craniofacial disorders. The evidence is supported by the findings of a small number of papers in the literature, some of which were of just fair quality. To be definitive in this regard, additional research with a sizable sample size and control group are required.

Prevalencia de Anomalías Dentomaxilares y Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico en Escolares del Pueblo Originario Rapa Nui / Prevalence of Dentomaxillary Anomalies and Need for Orthodontic Treatment in School Children of the Rapa Nui Native People

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de anomalías dentomaxilares y la necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico en escolares pertenecientes al pueblo originario de Rapa Nui. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y no probabilístico. Se evaluaron 85 alumnos entre primero básico y primero medio, entre los 6 y 16 años de edad, de dos colegios de Rapa Nui. Se realizó un examen clínico estandarizado, realizado por dos investigadores previamente calibrados, donde se completó una ficha clínica diseñada para el estudio. Para el análisis de las anomalías dentomaxilares se realizó un escaneo digital de la cavidad oral completa para su posterior análisis. De 85 estudiantes evaluados, 75 (88,2 %) se encontraban afectados por algún tipo de anomalía dentomaxilar en el plano sagital, vertical y/o transversal, independiente de su gravedad. Un 87,1 % de los estudiantes necesitan tratamiento ortodóncico según el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico, de los cuales un 57,7, % se clasificó dentro de los rangos de moderado, grave y muy grave. Existe una alta prevalencia de anomalías dentomaxilares en los escolares pertenecientes al pueblo originario Rapa Nui, encontrándose por sobre las cifras nacionales como internacionales, lo cual da como resultado que la mayoría de los alumnos evaluados necesiten de algún tipo tratamiento ortodóncico, ya sea preventivo, interceptivo y/o correctivo.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies and the need for orthodontic treatment in schoolchildren belonging to the Rapa Nui native people. A descriptive, observational, cross- sectional and non-probabilistic study was carried out. Eighty- five students between first grade and first middle school, between 6 and 16 years of age, from two schools of Rapa Nui were evaluated. A standardized clinical examination was performed by two previously calibrated investigators, where a clinical record designed for the study was completed. For the analysis of dentomaxillary anomalies, a digital scan of the full mouth was performed for subsequent analysis. Of 85 students evaluated, 75 (88.2 %) were affected by some type of dentomaxillary anomaly in the sagittal, vertical and/or transversal plane, regardless of its severity. Some 87.1 % of the students needed orthodontic treatment according to the Orthodontic Treatment Need Index, of which 57.7 % were classified within the moderate, severe and very severe ranges. There is a high prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies in schoolchildren belonging to the Rapa Nui native people, which is above the national and international figures, resulting in the majority of the students evaluated needing some type of orthodontic treatment, whether preventive, interceptive and/or corrective.